The Lottery By Shirley Jackson Essays (855 words) - Fiction

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson Examination envelops the utilization of offered standards to a scholarly work to decide how productively that work utilizes the given models. In the investigation of short stories, the peruser utilizes a concise inventive account unfurling a solitary occurrence and a main character by methods for a plot, the subtleties so packs and the entire treatment so sorted out, a solitary impression results. To uncover that impression, the peruser investigates the activities of seven essential measures. On specific basis adequately underpins the focal thought on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. The creator shows the focal thought through the activities of the hero in the plot through what the hero does or doesn't do. The creator shows the exercise, the creators thought, and the widespread in two different ways. Creators thought communicates the creators convictions or suppositions on a specific subject; the creator may utilize a well known fact. A generally accepted fact presents a thought expected valid by the majority worldwide that shows a thing or two dependent on the translation of the well known fact. What the peruser realizes all through the story or the exercise comprises of two classes, general and explicit. General exercises show the general exercise in the story; normally a well known fact that talks about characteristics like voracity, vengeance, love, dread, separation, and obliviousness. Since crude people groups coincided substantially more effectively with their general surroundings, they became undeniably increasingly delicate to its needs and rhythms; they verified that the exercises of entry were incredible and sure to have the ideal impact. The customs were extreme, in some cases difficult and alarming. They were certainly exceptional. The Grims Brothers, Poor Richards Almanac, and Aesops Fables catch these functions and exercises. The littler exercise or explicit exercises earned through the advancement of the plot and account arrive at the peruser on an individual level from the activities or musings of any of the characters. These little exercises inside the general exercise show the peruser the fundamental exercise of the story. In spite of the immortality of tales, who recalls the exercises of the past? The Fox and the Grapes shows us begrudge, The Lion and the Mouses message of empathy. Who thinks about Little Red Riding Hoods message, the section from young lady to womanhood. We should have the option to highlight somebody elses story and state, Ah, indeed, I realize that feeling. I distinguish. These particular exercises talk about close to home facts despite the fact that shrouded in images. In The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, the locals follow convention without knowing why the custom exists. This visually impaired after of the past customs drives the peruser to find a generally accepted fact. Convention is the guide of the uninformed. In passage thirty-two, lines seven and eight, Old Man Warner states, Theres consistently been a lottery he said peevishly. In this announcement, the peruser sees the most uninformed of all reasons for busy. This, nonetheless, appears to be typical for the network. In passage six, lines three through nine, the peruser finds That a significant part of the custom had been overlooked or disposed of, Mr. Summers had been effective in having sheets of paper fill in for the chips of wood that had been utilized for ages. While perusing, the peruser begins to comprehend the lottery convention from which numerous principles and guidelines vanished for comfort reasons. This leads the peruser to accept that the residents don't really comprehend the st arting points of the lottery. In section twenty-nine, lines one through three, Mrs. Jackson expresses The individuals had done the lottery so often that they just half inclined to the bearings In this section, the peruser learns through the nonchalantness of the residents activities that a significant occasion doesn't gander much consideration. In passage thirty-one lines one through fourteen Old Man Warner grunted. Pack of insane dolts, he said. Tuning in to the youthful people, nothings adequate for them. Before you know it, theyll be needing to return inside caverns, no one work any longer, live that path for some time. Used to be a say saying regarding Lottery in June, corn be substantial soon. First thing you know, wes all be eating chicken weed and oak seeds. In this entry, the peruser at last comprehends that despite the fact that the world changed around the

The Quantum Of Continuity :: essays research papers

<a href="http://philosophos.tripod.com">http://philosophos.tripod.com The issue of continuum versus discreteness is by all accounts identified with the issue of limitlessness and limit. The quantity of focuses in a line filled in as the sensible conduit which prompted the improvement of Set Theory by Cantor toward the finish of the nineteenth century. It took practically one more century to exhibit the tricky idea of a portion of Cantor's reasoning (Cohen finished Godel's work in 1963). In any case, progression can be limited and the association is, most occasions, deceiving as opposed to enlightening. Instinct discloses to us that the world is persistent and touching. This is by all accounts a situation which is without qualities other than its very presence. But, at whatever point we direct the magnifying lens of logical control at the world, we experience quantized, isolated, unmistakable and discrete pictures. This atomization is by all accounts the regular situation - for what reason did advancement resort to the bogus impression of continuum? Also, by what method can a machine which will undoubtedly be discrete by righteousness of its "naturalness" - the mind - see a continuum? The continuum is an outer, mental class which is forced by us on our perceptions and on the subsequent information. It fills in as a romanticized estimate of the real world, a model which is asymptotic to the Universe "as it is". It offers ascend to the ideas of value, rise, work, determination, impact (power), cooperation, fields, (quantum) estimation, forms and a large group of other comprehensive methods of identifying with our condition. The other post, the quantized model of the world helpfully offers ascend to the reciprocal arrangement of ideas : amount, causality, perception, (great) estimation, language, occasions, quants, units, etc. The private, naturally visible, low speed cases of our physical portrayals of the universe (hypotheses) will in general be ceaseless. Newtonian time is likened to a waterway. Space is a yarn. Einstein was the last classicist (relativity just implies that no old style onlooker has any inclination over another in defining the laws of material science and in performing estimations). His space-time is a four dimensional continuum. What started as an issue of numerical comfort was changed into a consecrated tenet : homogeneity, isotropy, balance became cherished as the foundations of a practically strict viewpoint ("God doesn't play dice"). These were thought to be "objective", "observer independent" characteristics of the Universe. There should be no favored course, no grouping of mass or of vitality, no time, charge, or equality asymmetry in basic particles.

Iran Awakening

Jessica Muhr May second, 2012 History of the Middle East â€Å"Iran Awakening† â€Å"One Woman’s Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country† This book, â€Å"Iran Awakening†, is a novel composed by Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. Ebadi weaves an amazing tale in an exceptionally close to home and one of a kind way, telling the record of the topple of the shah and the foundation of another, strict fundamentalist system in which resistance to the administration are detained, tormented, and murdered.By basically perusing the Prologue, one can see the affection Ebadi has for Iran and her kin. This adoration that Ebadi has for the abused of Iran is a topic that shows up all through the book and is by all accounts a huge factor behind her drive to go to bat for the individuals who can't go to bat for themselves. In the main section, Ebadi describes her adolescence from her introduction to the world on June 21st, 1947 in Hamedan, to her youth in Tehran. Something that m ay come as an amazement to a peruser was the fairness among male and female in Ebadi’s home.This uniformity, in any case, was not normal in most Iranian families, â€Å"Male kids appreciated a magnified status, ruined and cosseted†¦ They frequently felt themselves the focal point of the family’s orbit†¦ Affection for a child was an investment†, says Ebadi. In Iranian culture, it was viewed as normal for a dad to cherish his child more than his little girl. In Ebadi’s home, however, she depicts her parent’s expressions of love, considerations, and order as similarly distributed.This correspondence in the home appears to assume an enormous job in making the solid, decided lady Ebadi would become, â€Å"My father’s advocating of my autonomy, from the play yard to my later choice to turn into an appointed authority, ingrained a trust in me that I never felt deliberately, yet came to see as my most esteemed legacy. † (Ebadi, 12). One may likewise think that its fascinating that as a youngster, Ebadi knew nothing of legislative issues; until the overthrow of 1953. On August nineteenth, 1953, the dearest Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was toppled in an overthrow d’etat.Ebadi says that, as kids, this news amounted to nothing. Be that as it may, the grown-ups could perceive what Ebadi, at that point, proved unable. The book clarifies that, to those of Iran who were not paid to suspect something, Mossadegh was venerated as a patriot saint and the dad of Iranian autonomy for his strong move of nationalizing Iran’s oil industry which had been, up to that point, constrained by the West. Thusly, clearly this was the start of an immense change for Iran. Prior to the upset, Ebadi’s father, a long-term supporter of the PM, had progressed to become pastor of agriculture.In this new system, Ebadi’s father was constrained out of his activity, destined to mull in lower posts for the remainder of his vocation. This was what caused a quietness of everything political in the Ebadi home. Entering graduate school in 1965 was a â€Å"turning point for me†, says Ebadi. The immense enthusiasm for Iran’s legislative issues was stunning to her in the wake of originating from a home in which governmental issues were never discussed. Subsequent to playing with considering political theory, Ebadi settled on seeking after a judgeship; which is actually what she did. In March of 1970, at the age of twenty-three, Ebadi turned into a judge.In 1975, following a half year of becoming more acquainted with one another Ebadi wedded Javad Tavassoni. Her better half, in contrast to numerous Iranian men, adapted well to her expert desire. In the harvest time of 1977, there was, what Ebadi portrays as, a â€Å"shift in the boulevards of Tehran†. The shah’s system was attempting to lessen the intensity of the legal executive by setting up the ‘Mediating Councilâ €™, an extrajudicial outfit that would have permitted cases to be decided outside of the conventional equity framework. A portion of the judges composed a dissent letter contending against the committee, requesting that all cases must be attempted under the watchful eye of a court of law.This was the main aggregate activity taken by the adjudicators against the shah. Ebadi marked the letter. In January of 1978, President Jimmy Carter showed up in Tehran, Iran and depicted it as a â€Å"island of stability†, something he later came to lament. Not long after President Carter’s explanation, a paper article forcefully assaulting Khomeini motivated a revolt among the individuals of Iran, requiring his [Khomeini’s] return; the police shot into the group and murdered numerous men. By the mid year of 1978, fights had developed bigger, making it difficult to keep away from them. Toward the beginning of August, a jam-packed film in Abadan was singed to the round. This awful occasion consumed 400 individuals alive. The shah accused this occasion for strict preservationists; Khomeini charged the SAVAK, the regime’s mystery police, which was a power of unbelievable ruthlessness against the government’s rivals. This disaster pushed numerous Iranians against the shah. They presently understood that the shah was not simply an American manikin. Ebadi herself says that she was ‘drawn’ to the restriction. She says that it didn't appear to be a logical inconsistency for her, an informed proficient lady, to back it (Ebadi, 33). She had no clue that she was supporting her own possible defeat.Ebadi utilizes something near incongruity as she depicts a morning when she and a few appointed authorities and authorities raged into the clergyman of justice’s office. The clergyman was not there, rather a surprised senior appointed authority sat behind the work area. â€Å"He gazed toward us in awe and his look stopped when he saw m y face. â€Å"You! You surprisingly, what are you doing here? † he asked, confused and harsh. â€Å"Don’t you realize that you’re supporting individuals who will remove your activity on the off chance that they come to control? † â€Å"I’d preferably be a free Iranian over a subjugated attorney,† I countered strikingly, profoundly pompous. (Ebadi, 34) On January sixteenth, 1979, the shah fled Iran, finishing two centuries of rule by Persian lords. The avenues were stuffed with euphoric residents, Ebadi herself being one of them. On February first, 1979, Khomeini came back to Iran. For about a month, the nation of Iran remained in a critical state. In the vast majority of the urban areas a crisis military had gone into quick impact and Khomeini had requested individuals to return into their homes by dusk with the guidance to go onto their rooftop at 9pm and shout, Allaho akbar, â€Å"God is greatest†.On February eleventh, Khomeini admo nished individuals to challenge the 4pm time limit the military had forced by coming out into the roads. Ebadi went into the avenues, hearing hints of the discharges reverberating, and taking in the excited scene of feeling. The following day, the 22nd of Bahman on the Iranian schedule, the military gave up and the head administrator fled the nation. The nation cheered, including Ebadi herself. She says, thinking back, she needs to chuckle at the sentiment of pride that washed over her for it took hardly a month for her to understand that she had eagerly taken an interest in her own destruction. Ebadi, 38) Merely days after the revolution’s triumph, a man named Fathollah Bani-Sadr was named temporary supervisor of the Ministry of Justice. Anticipating acclaim from this man, Ebadi was stunned when he stated, â€Å"Don’t you feel that keeping in mind our darling Imam Khomeini, who has graced Iran with his arrival, it would be better on the off chance that you secured yo ur hair? † This headscarf â€Å"invitation† was the first in a long series of restrictions on the ladies of Iran. In the wake of being endlessly for not exactly a month, Ebadi could as of now observe the progressions that had occurred in Tehran. The lanes were renamed after Shia imams, martyred ministers, and Third World heroics of an enemy of royal battle. † (Ebadi, 41) Her kindred associates, male and female, were messy and smelled. The tie had been prohibited, being â€Å"deemed an image of the West’s shades of malice, possessing a scent like cologne flagged counterrevolutionary inclinations, and riding to the service vehicle to work was proof of class privilege† (Ebadi 42). Bits of gossip spread that Islam banished ladies from being judges. Ebadi was the most separated female adjudicator in all of Tehran.So, after hearing these bits of gossip, she attempted to counter her concerns with her associations; however even this little solace end up bein g futile. In the last long stretches of 1979, Ebadi was adequately deprived of her judgeship. She determinedly stood, however a half year pregnant, as the board of trustees carelessly hurled a piece of paper at her and stated, â€Å"Show up to the examination office when you’re finished with your vacation†, her ‘vacation’ being her maternity leave. The men at that point started to discuss her as if she was not there, making statements like, â€Å"Without in any event, beginning at the examination office, she needs an excursion! † another stated, â€Å"They’re disordered! also, another, â€Å"They’re so unmotivated; it’s clear they don’t need to be working! † †¦ The point Ebadi was attempting to make is clear by the recounting these announcements. Most men, particularly those in the administration, had lost what little regard they had recently held for ladies preceding the Revolution. That much, at any rate, a ppeared to be clear. The post-Revolution’s impact on ladies was a dreary one. As Ebadi read in a paper piece titled â€Å"Islamic Revolution†, â€Å"the life of a woman’s was presently a large portion of that of a man (for example, if a vehicle hit both in the city, the money remuneration due to the woman’s family was half of that due the man’s), an oman’s declaration in court as an observer currently considered just half much as that of a man’s; a lady needed to request that her significant other authorization separate. The drafters of the correctional code had evidently counseled the seventh century for lawful guidance. † (Ebadi, 51). Ebadi’s head beat with rage as she read this news. â€Å"Th

A Book Report Of Pride And Prejudice - Free Essay Example

A book report of Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice was wrote by Jane Austen (1775-1817), who is one of the greatest novelists in Britain. She was born in a advantageous family which provided her a good environment to accept proper education. She had shown excellent talents in language explaining and writing when she was only 13 years old. In 1800, her father was retired from a rector and she had to move to Bath with him, where was said that she was very miserable, suffering from depression. And at that time, she refused a proposal of a young man who was going to inherit a large fortune because she didn’t love him whatsoever. About four years later, her father passed away and she had to move with her remarried mother to Southampton. In 1816, her health descended into an extremely bad situation and unfortunately, she was took from us in July 18th, 1817. Much as she was took from us, we also have taken something immortal from her. Pride and Prejudice is one of the most shining heritage. Its first edition was named First Impressions, but unluckily the publisher were appealed to gothic novels written by Ann Radcliffe so it didn’t come out. After years emending, Pride and Prejudice was finally published in 1813 as the third novel that Jane Austen wrote, including about 3 volumes, 61 chapters and 243000 words. It presents us a love story between two leading characters: Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, who is a gentle but introverted landlord. The gist of the story is as follows. Elizabeth Bennet and her four sisters Kitty Bennet, Marry Bennet, Lydia Bennet, Jane Bennet (the oldest one) has approached their ages to find husbands. Nevertheless, the second child of Mrs. Bennet, Elizabeth Bennet, has no tend to find her Prince Charming and always refuses her mom’s repeated requests, which makes Mrs. Bennet very much annoyed and worried but has nothing to do with. This awkward situation changes entirely since Mr. Darcy has been coming into her world. Elizabeth is the most diligent and clever girl among her 4 sisters, and also she is a college student who pays seldom attention to the marriage. But when Mr. Darcy hits her, her firm convection is being challenged. As for Darcy, he is instantly captured by this beauty and wants to proposes to her in spite of a wide division between their families’ background. (Mr. Darcy is a rich landlord of North England) However, Elizabeth refused him grimly cause she has a prejudice on what he behaves. Mr. Darcy is not a guy who is good at expressing himself and what’s worse, a friend of his, George Wickham, always diffuses his so-called scandal and slanders him what with jealousy. Also, Elizabeth figures that Mr. Darcy is too superior and arrogant to associate with. But in point of fact, Darcy never means to it, what causes it is that he is a great landlord and this makes a misunderstanding of different social class. As time goes by, Elizabeth finds that he is not that person she used to think and Mr. Darcy shows a respectful aspect to her so the misunderstanding and prejudice melt away progressively. In the end of the story, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy are finally shot by Cupid, ushering in a com pletely new life. Also Elizabeth’s 4 sisters find their true love of course. Just like Jane Austen said at the beginning of this book: A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us. As for me, it’s not only a romantic story but also a educative fable which teaches us how to find our lifelong true love. A detail which is worth being noticed, leaving me a remarkable impression, is that the first time Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth in chapter 34. Mr. Darcy tries his best to calm himself down but finally his emotions to Elizabeth show up. He says: In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. But Elizabeth refused his proposal unmercifully and says: I have every reason in the world to think ill of you. No motive can excuse the unjust and ungenerous part you acted there. You dare not, you cannot deny that you have been the principal, if not the only means of dividing them from each other, of exposing one to the censure of the world for caprice and instability, the other to its derision for disappointed hopes, and involving them both in misery of the acutest kind. This awkward and misunderstood situation is one of the climaxes in this novel, which presents a colossal gap between them. Of course this is not because what Darcy really is but different life experiences and opinions. Why â€Å"Love† is love itself is that, absolutely, it is always built up with opposite thoughts and colorful opinions, making matrimony a lifelong journey. And what happens between Elizabeth and Darcy reflects a fact that nothing is going on smoothly at first, including marriage. Only if we devote our genuine feelings and true love with absolute responsibility and patience to our partner can we have a long and romantic matrimony. Additionally, a love without any frictions is imperfect and meaningless. On the way of pursuing you love is always full of picturesque spectacles, but what you are supposed to do is to find what scenery you enjoy best and hold it firmly. May be you will be confused by money, power and something seductive while shallow, but you ought to bury it within you that those are never the stander to measure how the true love can be, just avoid those who try to defame you and tease you. After all, your love is what you make it, which is your own business. The last but not the least, from an admirer to a lifelong partner is a progressive procedure, which needs patience and responsibility. Love occurs in daily company and everyday details, and it is a fond feelings from your soul to your partner. Just take your responsibility and patience, then both of you will be overwhelming to conquer every obstructions which block on the way of your life. At last, I am willing to recommend this book intensively for its romance and educational significance. It uses graceful dialogues to express an eternal theme in pure love. And what is the most essential thing that it teaches me is, be the owner of your cherish management and struggle for your love bravely. I want to cite a sentence from Edward Scissorhands (A film directed by Tim Burton, screened in 1990.12.) to end my report: Where there is great love, there are always miracles.

Belonging in the Intercultural Communication - 1930 Words

2. Analyze how ‘belonging’ is central to intercultural communication. Every individual definitely belongs to something. As a mankind, every individual belong to the place where they born or raise. ‘Belonging’ means that every individual always adopt the life style and culture from the country or a group each individual raised or born. For example, the ways individual eats, how every individual communicate and interact with others. Every place or group has different life style and culture from the other. Every culture has differences, from these differences, the way each individual behave and perceive the world also different. This essay deals with a question: how ‘belonging’ is central to intercultural communication and there are†¦show more content†¦Enculturation or socialization is the process in the childhood when occurs into familiar members of culture community. Enculturation is cultural adaptation. Then second phase is acculturation. Marden amp; Meyer as cited in Kim (2003, p. 245) said â€Å"the change in indi viduals whose primary learning has been in one culture and who take over traits from another culture.† it means that learning one’s own culture as the individuals took. After acculturation, the individual start to deculturation. Deculturation means that the individual entering the process of learning the new culture. For example, food habit, behavior and values from a new culture. When an individual learning something new, it will also lose something old. Last phase is assimilation. Assimilation is the last phase of acculturation and deculturation. Acculturation, deculturation and assimilation are the process when individual experiences cross-cultural adaptation. Example for acculturation, decculturation and assimilation above is when Indonesian people move to work in Australia, Australian people is a straight forward. They will talk to the point. In Indonesia, when people talk straightforward the culture assume that is impolite. So when the Western supervisor admonishe d the employee, who comes from Indonesia with Australian’s culture, the Indonesian will feel offended. They willShow MoreRelatedCommunication Is A Human Relationship Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication is one of the most loosely defined terms in cultural studies. It encompasses a whole variety of experiences, events, actions and multitude happenings. The English world communication has been derived from latin word ‘communis’ which means to make common. In the simplest words, communication is a human relationship involving two or more persons who come together to share their views on a particular topic or to resolve a particular issue. 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Essay about Humorous Wedding Roast by a Childhood Friend

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Childhood Friend Wouldn’t you know it, this is the first time Steve has ever bought me dinner and I was too nervous to eat it. Ladies and gentlemen, before I start, Ive been asked to make a couple of announcements. Firstly, the hotel manager has asked me to request that, for reasons of health and safety, none of you are to get up on top of the chairs and tables during my standing ovation. And secondly - following the speeches, Steves brother, Richard, will be singing us that lovely old standard, ‘Im dancing tonight with tears in my eyes, cos the girl in my arms is a boy’. But first, its time for me to make a speech and, at the same time, probably a complete ass of myself. Its traditional for†¦show more content†¦The cub hut was on a bit of hill, so we set about rolling the tyre and running behind it. Unfortunately, the tyre picked up a bit of speed, and so much so that it was soon doing about 30 mph down the hill, bouncing higher and higher, faster and faster. And it was heading straight for one of the houses at the bottom of Cherry Grove, where it bounced once in the front garden and then went straight through a downstairs window. And being good, honest cubs, and firm adherents to the cub code, we all ran and hid. Steve has always been very keen on sporting activities, and not just terrorising the local community with high-velocity tyres. But we sometimes do wonder where he gets the energy, because most weekends during his single life were spent lying horizontal asleep on somebodys sofa. This seems to stem back to his childhood where he had the ability to fall asleep anywhere and at any time - which led to his parents nicknaming him Noddy, but thats a secret. But when he wasnt playing sports, Steve and I, like many other teenagers, spent most of our time in McDonalds. It was here we would discuss for hours what careers we thought we might end up in, and who would be the first likely to marry. But mainly we talked about why neither of us could pull any girls. Weve both

Promotion and Distribution Strategy for Nissan Leaf

Question: Discuss about thePromotion and Distribution Strategy for Nissan Leaf. Answer: Promotion Strategy With the growing competition in the market, Nissan seeks to penetrate newer markets like Ireland where Nissan Leaf can replace other family cars and at least comes in the second position (nissan.in 2017). This promotional campaign will entail the following things: Key Message of the Campaign: Nissan Leaf, as a green family car is perfectly in line with Irelands pollution free and good air condition. Combined with its strong and robust engine, this car is absolutely suitable for the highland areas and hill regions of Ireland (Chappell 2012). Key Communication Objectives: The key communication objectives of Nissan Leaf in Irish market will be: Raise Awareness: The car should be well introduced in the Irish market through social media and digital marketing (Shiga 2012). Influencing Purchase Intent: The target customers should be motivated to buy the car through advertising (Bhasin 2016). Brand Switching: To make the customers prefer Nissan Leaf over other competitive brands. Key Channels Used: The key channels for promotional activities that can be chosen are television advertising, social media advertising, advertisement through billboards and sponsorship. Draft of Media Schedule: Media Schedule Duration and Timing of Advertising Continuous Media Schedule For the first 3 months Flighted Media Schedule For the next 6 months Pulsing Media Schedule For the next 3 months Distribution Strategy Nissan, for its distribution strategy focuses on both indirect and direct distribution methods. As for the direct distribution method for Nissan Leaf, the company aims to have more showrooms in Ireland than the existing ones (Chappell 2012). Nissan owns an advantage that is its presence in locus points of Asia from where it can export its premium range of Nissan Leaf in the European countries and in Ireland too having a strong network of dealers like Renault and Nissan (nissan.in 2017). Nissan has also strategically placed the dealership network in every major city and popular towns so that the sales increases even in the remote Irish townships. It already has strong presence in many European countries like Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland and the like and this will enable to strengthen the network of Nissan Leaf in Ireland too (Shiga 2012). The indirect distribution channels, however, is used by Nissan where there is no dealers present in the region. In these cases, Nissan uses the authorized dealers to sell several different ranges of cars including Nissan Leaf. Recommendation on Distribution Strategy Although Nissan has a very strong network of car dealers, it is recommended to increase the number o showrooms particularly in those places where Nissan has better control over its distribution channels. In addition, since Nissan Leaf is entirely an electric car Nissan should not ignore the short-term potential of its market while launching the car in Irish market. Besides, previously Nissan have faced a problem in lacking the necessary infrastructure for charging the EV while marketing in the U.S. This should not be repeated in the Irish market and hence, their initial focus should be on infrastructure. References Bhasin, H. 2016. Marketing mix of Nissan - Nissan Marketing mix. [online] Marketing91. Available at: https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-mix-nissan/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. chappell, L. 2012. Nissan shifts Leaf marketing strategy. [online] Automotive News. Available at: https://www.autonews.com/article/20121217/RETAIL03/312179957/nissan-shifts-leaf-marketing-strategy [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. nissan.in 2017. New Vehicles Range | Nissan India. [online] Available at: https://www.nissan.in/vehicles/new.html?utm_source=searchutm_medium=googleutm_term=text-ads-cpcutm_content=nissan-brandutm_campaign=always-on-search_2017 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Shiga, T. 2012. [online] Available at: https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/IREVENT/PRESEN/2012/121206_Shiga_COO_Presentation_E.pdf [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017].

Romeo And Juliet - Violence Essays (511 words) -

Romeo and Juliet - Violence Romeo and Juliet - Violence Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, is a play which shows how prejudice leads to escalating violence. Prejudice leads to violence shown in the play when the feuding families, the Montagues and Capulets fight. In each case, disruption, fighting, injuries and death occur. Also, the prejudice against the two families never got resolved because they were enemies. The prejudice started in Act one Scene one, when the Capulets and Montague servants confronted each other. Then the Capulets servants insult the Montagues. Which lead to a street brawl of the two feuding families. Furthermore in Act three Scene one, the prejudice between the families get worse. When Tybalt wanted revenge with the Montagues, he then confronted Romeo and Mercutio and started a duel. In addition the prejudice between families got even worse, when Tybalt kills Mercutio. Also, in Act five Scene three, Tybalt challenges Romeo to fight and Romeo kills him. Which lead to prejudice between the families. The street in Verona, a public place, is where the prejudice starts between the two families. In Act one Scene one, Sampson and Gregory servants for the Capulets, insulted the Montagues servants Balthasar and Abraham by biting his thumb at him. This leads to a fight, which involves the Lord's of both families and the Prince. No death occurred, but the families attitudes against each other were worse then before. Which caused a lot of prejudice against the families that lead to violence. In like manners, another duel between the two feuding families start up again in the street of Verona in Act three Scene one. When Mercutio and Benvolio friends of Romeo, are confronted by Tybalt, who is still prejudice against the Montagues. Tybalt thinks that they crashed the Capulets ball and know he wants revenge. Mercutio and Tybalt fight between each others. Now Romeo arrives trying to stop the arguments. Tybalt draws his sword and challenges Romeo. Romeo refuses to fight and Mercutio stops in to meet Tybalt challenges. Romeo again, steps in to stop the fighting, but Tybalt stabs Mercutio under Romeo's arm. Mercutio from this action dies from his injury and this caused disruption between the families which lead to prejudice. Instead of a Capulet killing a Montague, in Act five Scene three, a Montague kills a Capulet as prejudice leads to violence. In the Capulets Tomb at night, Paris, a young nobleman, kinsman to the Prince has come to pay his respect to his "lost" Juliet. When he hears the footstep of his enemies Romeo and Balthasar. Paris thinks Romeo has come to desecrate Juliet's grave in act of the prejudice against them. While young Romeo was only trying to see his only love dead.. But Paris didn't know so he challenges Romeo to a fight and Romeo kills Paris. This event was caused due to prejudice that lead to violence which included injuries, death and disruption. From examining Romeo and Juliet, it is evident that the play shows how prejudice leads to escalating violence when the opening brawl started by the servants, the duel between Mercutio and Tybalt and Romeo and Paris. So it is evident that Romeo and Juliet, is a play that shows how prejudice leads to escalating violence between the feuding families.

Free Essays on Willie Nelson

When Bob Dylan wrote â€Å"he who is not busy being born is busy dying,† he could easily have been talking about Willie Nelson. Willie Nelson is one of contemporary music’s most genuine icons. On the verge of reaching the 70’s, the singer, songwriter, guitarist and actor remains an upbeat creative soul. Nelson’s career spans over more than 35 years, making 100 albums, and spending a large majority of time on the road. Nelson’s life is easily portrayed on his first album for Island Records ‘Spirit.’ It was recorded with his friends and family in his home base studio Perdernales Studios, right outside of this very city, Austin, TX. Less is more is proved in the setting of Nelson’s Spirit, featuring a totally new crop of Nelson originals. It is a song cycle where the evasive simple setting brings an even greater depth and enchanting potency to the lyrics, which features another Texas legend Johnny Gimble on fiddle, sister Bobbie Nelson on piano, family member Jody Payne on rhythm guitar, and Nelson’s voice, songs and guitar. This soulsearching album on love and spirituality, uses country, traditional pop and gospel music to create something entirely original. ‘Spirit’ was made at a very significant time in Nelson’s career. The 1990’s was a decade where Nelson made the headlines many times. He had problems with the IRS (he settled his dept in 1993), a marijuana bust, and his departure from Col! umbia Records. In the recent years, he has recorded a string of critically acclaimed albums, such as ‘Across the Borderline,’ ‘Moonlight Becomes You’ and ‘Just One Love.’ He also recorded two other albums with the Highwaymen- Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings and Kris Kristofferson. An alternative rock tribute album titled ‘Twisted Willie’ was also made. Nelson continues to tour with his band Willie Nelson & Family and the Highwaymen, as well. Nelson was the first country artist signed by Island Records in their ... Free Essays on Willie Nelson Free Essays on Willie Nelson When Bob Dylan wrote â€Å"he who is not busy being born is busy dying,† he could easily have been talking about Willie Nelson. Willie Nelson is one of contemporary music’s most genuine icons. On the verge of reaching the 70’s, the singer, songwriter, guitarist and actor remains an upbeat creative soul. Nelson’s career spans over more than 35 years, making 100 albums, and spending a large majority of time on the road. Nelson’s life is easily portrayed on his first album for Island Records ‘Spirit.’ It was recorded with his friends and family in his home base studio Perdernales Studios, right outside of this very city, Austin, TX. Less is more is proved in the setting of Nelson’s Spirit, featuring a totally new crop of Nelson originals. It is a song cycle where the evasive simple setting brings an even greater depth and enchanting potency to the lyrics, which features another Texas legend Johnny Gimble on fiddle, sister Bobbie Nelson on piano, family member Jody Payne on rhythm guitar, and Nelson’s voice, songs and guitar. This soulsearching album on love and spirituality, uses country, traditional pop and gospel music to create something entirely original. ‘Spirit’ was made at a very significant time in Nelson’s career. The 1990’s was a decade where Nelson made the headlines many times. He had problems with the IRS (he settled his dept in 1993), a marijuana bust, and his departure from Col! umbia Records. In the recent years, he has recorded a string of critically acclaimed albums, such as ‘Across the Borderline,’ ‘Moonlight Becomes You’ and ‘Just One Love.’ He also recorded two other albums with the Highwaymen- Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings and Kris Kristofferson. An alternative rock tribute album titled ‘Twisted Willie’ was also made. Nelson continues to tour with his band Willie Nelson & Family and the Highwaymen, as well. Nelson was the first country artist signed by Island Records in their ...

Management - Structure, Culture, Define, & Estimate Essay

Management - Structure, Culture, Define, & Estimate - Essay Example The main difference between projects and organizations lies in their size, as projects are smaller than organizations. In addition, organizations are permanent, while projects are temporary. Therefore, projects are a representation of the larger organizations, as they both exhibit similar processes and design principles. Both projects and organizations are unique as no project or organization can fully resemble another. In organizations and projects, a group of people, who ensure that the objectives of the project or organization are met, form a team that works together. Additionally, for organizations and projects to succeed, they require skills, techniques, knowledge, and tools, which are all provided by the employees in both cases, ensuring the attainment of objectives. Both elements also have a fixed budget, which helps in the sustenance of their operations. The resources of organizations and projects are limited, hence the need for them to ensure a reliable supply of resources, on exhaustion of the ones at hand. All projects have sponsors, who are responsible for guiding the processes of the project and ensuring achievement of the project’s objectives. Most organizations too have sponsors who perform similar roles (Harrington, 2006). There is a great extent of resemblance between the management of a project and organizational management. For the achievement of organization’s objectives, there must be processes and management systems for success of the organization. In organizational management, important pillars include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In both cases, there is a management team, which is responsible for controlling and overseeing operations involved. Finally, projects and organizations go through similar processes of planning, execution, and control (Harrington, 2006). In conclusion, it is agreeable that projects are a smaller version of the larger organization, because of the greater extent of

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 105

Discussion - Essay Example Also, before forwarding a message, obtain permission from the sender, who may have intended the message for you only† (p. 370). As such, disclosing any privileged information that was accidentally received would be tantamount to a violation of trust and would be detrimental to one’s image, or it could even put at risk the security of one’s job. Presentation*. You are preparing for a presentation with a short deadline. You find perfect wording and great graphics on the Internet. Should you lift the graphics and wording but change a few words? You figure that if it is on the Internet, it must be in the public domain. Any information taken from other sources, written by other people, should not be copied. If they are to be used, even paraphrased or copied verbatim, these sources should be cited and properly referenced. Lifting the graphics and paraphrasing, without acknowledging the source is tantamount to plagiarism. As emphasized, â€Å"to avoid plagiarism, you must use material from outside sources properly. You can integrate outside material into your paper in three ways: by quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing† (Gurak & Lannon, 2013, p. 429). Thus, in no instance should any material be lifted and copied without acknowledging the source, as

Comparison between five process models of software engineering Essay Example for Free

Comparison between five process models of software engineering Essay IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org A Comparison Between Five Models Of Software Engineering Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar1 and A. Govardhan2 1 Ph.D Student of Computer Science Engineering Jawahrlal Nehru Technological University Kuktapally, Hyderabad- 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Professor of Computer Science Engineering Principal JNTUH of Engineering College, Jagityal, Karimnagar (Dt), A.P., India Abstract This research deals with a vital and important issue in computer world. It is concerned with the software management processes that examine the area of software development through the  development models, which are known as software development  life cycle. It represents five of the development models namely, waterfall, Iteration, V-shaped, spiral and Extreme programming. These models have advantages and disadvantages as well. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to represent different models of software development and make a  comparison between them to show the features and defects of each model. Keywords: Software Management Processes, Software  Development, Development Models, Software Development Life  Cycle, Comparison between five models of Software Engineering. increased recently which results in the difficulty of  enumerating such companies. During the previous four  decades, software has been developed from a tool used for  analyzing information or solving a problem to a product in  itself. However, the early programming stages have  created a number of problems turning software an  obstacle to software development particularly those  relying on computers. Software consists of documents and  programs that contain a collection that has been  established to be a part of software engineering  procedures. Moreover, the aim of software engineering is  to create a suitable work that construct programs of high  quality. 1. Introduction Computer Science No one can deny the importance of computer in our life,  especially during the present time. In fact, computer has  become indispensible in todays life as it is used in many  fields of life such as industry, medicine, commerce,  education and even agriculture. It has become an  important element in the industry and technology of  advanced as well as developing countries. Now a days,  organizations become more dependent on computer in  their works as a result of computer technology. Computer  is considered a time- saving device and its progress helps  in executing complex, long, repeated processes in a very  short time with a high speed. In addition to using  computer for work, people use it for fun and  entertainment. Noticeably, the number of companies thatproduce software programs for the purpose of facilitating  works of offices, administrations, banks, etc, has Theories Computer Function Client Problems The Software engineering Tools and techniques to solve problems Fig. 1 Explanation of software engineering conception. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 95 2. Software Process Models concern. A software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective as: The pure waterfall lifecycle consists of several nonoverlapping stages, as shown in the following figure. The model begins with establishing system requirements and  software requirements and continues with architectural  design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model serves as a baseline for many other  lifecycle models. 1. 2. 3. 4. Specification. Design. Validation. Evolution. General Software Process Models are 1. Waterfall model: Separate and distinct phases of specification and development. 2. Prototype model. 3. Rapid application development model (RAD). 4. Evolutionary development: Specification, development and validation are interleaved. 5. Incremental model. 6. Iterative model. 7. Spiral model. 8. Component-based software engineering : The system is assembled from existing components. System Requirements Software Requirements Architectural Design Detailed Design Coding There are many variants of these models e.g. formal development where a waterfall-like process is used, but the specification is formal that is refined through several stages to an implementable design[1]. Testing Maintenance Fig. 2 Waterfall Model[4]. 3. Five Models A Programming process model is an abstract representation to describe the process from a particular perspective. There are numbers of general models for software processes, like: Waterfall model, Evolutionary development, Formal systems development and Reusebased development, etc. This research will view the following five models : 1. Waterfall model. 2. Iteration model. 3. V-shaped model. 4. Spiral model. 5. Extreme model. These models are chosen because their features correspond to most software development programs. Requirements Definition System and Software Design Implementation and Unit Testing Integration and System Testing 3.1 The Waterfall Model The waterfall model is the classical model of software  engineering. This model is one of the oldest models and is  widely used in government projects and in many major  companies. As this model emphasizes planning in early  stages, it ensures design flaws before they develop. In  addition, its intensive document and planning make it  work well for projects in which quality control is a major Operation and Maintenance Fig. 3 Waterfall model[2]. The following list details the steps for using the waterfall IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org model: 1 System requirements: Establishes the components  for building the system, including the hardware  requirements, software tools, and other necessary  components. Examples include decisions on  hardware, such as plug-in boards (number of  channels, acquisition speed, and so on), and decisions  on external pieces of software, such as databases or  libraries. 2 3 Software requirements: Establishes the expectations  for software functionality and identifies which system  requirements the software affects. Requirements  analysis includes determining interaction needed with  other applications and databases, performance  requirements, user interface requirements, and so on. Architectural design: Determines the software  framework of a system to meet the specific  requirements. This design defines the major  components and the interaction of those components,  but it does not define the structure of each  component. The external interfaces and tools used in  the project can be determined by the designer. 4 Detailed design: Examines the software components  defined in the architectural design stage and produces  a specification for how each component is  implemented. 5 Coding: Implements specification. 6 7 the detailed starting coding. There is no overlap between stages. In  real-world development, however, one can discover issues  during the design or coding stages that point out errors or gaps in the requirements. The waterfall method does not prohibit returning to an  earlier phase, for example, returning from the design phase  to the requirements phase. However, this involves costly  rework. Each completed phase requires formal review and  extensive documentation development. Thus, oversights  made in the requirements phase are expensive to correct  later. Because the actual development comes late in the process,  one does not see results for a long time. This delay can be  disconcerting to management and customers. Many people  also think that the amount of documentation is excessive  and inflexible. Although the waterfall model has  instructive because it emphasizes  project development. Even if one  model, he must consider each of  relationship to his own project [4]. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. design Testing: Determines whether the software meets the  specified requirements and finds any errors present in  the code. Maintenance: Addresses problems and enhancement  requests after the software releases. In some organizations, a change control board maintains  the quality of the product by reviewing each change made  in the maintenance stage. Consider applying the full  waterfall development cycle model when correcting  problems or implementing these enhancement requests. In each stage, documents that explain the objectives and  describe the requirements for that phase are created. At the end of each stage, a review to determine whether the  project can proceed to the next stage is held. Your  prototyping can also be incorporated into any stage from  the architectural design and after. Many people believe that this model cannot be applied to  all situations. For example, with the pure waterfall model,  the requirements must be stated before beginning the  design, and the complete design must be stated before 96 4. 5. 6. ï‚ · 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. ï‚ · its weaknesses, it is  important stages of  does not apply this  these stages and its Advantages : Easy to understand and implement. Widely used and known (in theory!). Reinforces good habits: define-before- design, design-before-code. Identifies deliverables and milestones. Document driven, URD, SRD, †¦ etc. Published documentation standards, e.g. PSS-05. Works well on mature products and weak teams. Disadvantages : Idealized, doesn’t match reality well. Doesn’t reflect iterative nature of exploratory development. 3. Unrealistic to expect accurate requirements so early in project. Software is delivered late in project, delays discovery of serious errors. Difficult to integrate risk management. Difficult and expensive to make changes to documents, †swimming upstream†. Significant administrative overhead, costly for small teams and projects [6]. Pure Waterfall This is the classical system development model. It consists of discontinuous phases: 1. 2. 3. Concept. Requirements. Architectural design. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 4. 5. 6. Detailed design. Coding and development. Testing and implementation. Table 1: Strengths Weaknesses of Pure Waterfall Strengths ï‚ · ï‚ · Minimizes planning  overhead since it can be done up front.  Structure minimizes  wasted effort, so it  works well for  technically weak or  inexperienced staff. Risk reduction spirals can be added to the top of the  waterfall to reduce risks prior to the waterfall phases. The waterfall can be further modified using options such as  prototyping, JADs or CRC sessions or other methods of  requirements gathering done in overlapping phases [5]. Weaknesses 3.2 Iterative Development ï‚ · Inflexible ï‚ · Only the final phase  produces a nondocumentation  deliverable. ï‚ · Backing up to address mistakes is difficult. The problems with the Waterfall Model created a demand  for a new method of developing systems which could  provide faster results, require less up-front information,  and offer greater flexibility. With Iterative Development,  the project is divided into small parts. This allows the  development team to demonstrate results earlier on in the  process and obtain valuable feedback from system users. Often, each iteration is actually a mini-Waterfall process  with the feedback from one phase providing vital  information for the design of the next phase. In a variation of this model, the software products, which are produced  at the end of each step (or series of steps), can go into  production immediately as incremental releases. ï‚ · Pure Waterfall Summary The pure waterfall model performs well for products with  clearly understood requirements or when working with  well understood technical tools, architectures and  infrastructures. Its weaknesses frequently make it  inadvisable when rapid development is needed. In those  cases, modified models may be more effective. ï‚ · 97 Modified Waterfall The modified waterfall uses the same phases as the pure  waterfall, but is not based on a discontinuous basis. This  enables the phases to overlap when needed. The pure  waterfall can also split into subprojects at an appropriate  phase (such as after the architectural design or detailed design). Table 2: Strengths Weaknesses of Modified Waterfall Strengths ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · More flexible than the  pure waterfall model. If there is personnel  continuity between the  phases, documentation  can be substantially reduced.  Implementation of easy  areas does not need to  wait for the hard ones. Weaknesses ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Modified Waterfall Summary Milestones are more  ambiguous than the  pure waterfall. Activities performed  in parallel are subject  to miscommunication  and mistaken  assumptions. Unforeseen  interdependencies can  create problems. Fig. 4 Iterative Development. 3.3 V-Shaped Model Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a  sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase  must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing  is emphasized in this model more than the waterfall  model. The testing procedures are developed early in the  life cycle before any coding is done, during each of the  phases preceding implementation. Requirements begin the  life cycle model just like the waterfall model. Before IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org development is started, a system test plan is created. The test plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified in requirements gathering. 98 Requirements The high-level design phase focuses on system  architecture and design. An integration test plan is created in this phase in order to test the pieces of the software  systems ability to work together. However, the low-level  design phase lies where the actual software components  are designed, and unit tests are created in this phase as  well. System Test Planning High Level Design Low Level Design The implementation phase is, again, where all coding  takes place. Once coding is complete, the path of  execution continues up the right side of the V where the  test plans developed earlier are now put to use. ï‚ · Simple and easy to use. Each phase has specific deliverables. Higher chance of success over the waterfall model  due to the early development of test plans during the  life cycle. Works well for small projects where requirements are  easily understood. Unit Test Planning Integration Testing Unit Testing Implementation Advantages 1. 2. 3. Integration Test Planning System Testing 4. Fig. 6 V-Shaped Life Cycle Model[7]. 3.4 Spiral Model The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with  more emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral model  has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and  Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through  these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this  model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning  phase, requirements are gathered and risk is  assessed. Each subsequent spiral builds on the baseline  spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning  phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken  to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is  produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is  produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at  the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the  customer to evaluate the output of the project to date  before the project continues to the next spiral. In the spiral model, the angular component represents  progress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost. Fig. 5 V-Model [3] ï‚ · Disadvantages 1. 2. Very rigid like the waterfall model. Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and  expensive.  Software is developed during the implementation phase,  so no early prototypes of the software are produced. This Model does not provide a clear path for problems  found during testing phases [7]. 3. 4. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. Advantages High amount of risk analysis. Good for large and mission-critical projects. Software is produced early in the software life cycle. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. Disadvantages Can be a costly model to use. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise. Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk  analysis phase. Doesn’t work well for smaller projects [7]. 4. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org ï‚ · 1. Spiral model sectors Objective setting :Specific objectives for the phase are identified. 2. Risk assessment and reduction: Risks are assessed and activities are put in place to reduce the key risks. 3. Development and validation: A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the general models. 4. Planning: The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned [1]. 99 under which the system would produce win-lose or loselose outcomes for some stakeholders. 3. Identify and Evaluate Alternatives: Solicit  suggestions from stakeholders, evaluate them with respect  to stakeholders win conditions, synthesize and negotiate  candidate win-win alternatives, analyze, assess, resolve  win-lose or lose-lose risks, record commitments and areas  to be left flexible in the projects design record and life  cycle plans. 4. Cycle through the Spiral: Elaborate the win conditions  evaluate and screen alternatives, resolve risks, accumulate  appropriate commitments, and develop and execute  downstream plans [8]. 3.5 Extreme Programming An approach to development, based on the development  and delivery of very small increments of functionality. It  relies on constant code improvement, user involvement in  the development team and pair wise programming . It can  be difficult to keep the interest of customers who are  involved in the process. Team members may be unsuited  to the intense involvement that characterizes agile  methods. Prioritizing changes can be difficult where there  are multiple stakeholders. Maintaining simplicity requires  extra work. Contracts may be a problem as with other  approaches to iterative development. Fig. 7 Spiral Model of the Software Process[1]. ï‚ · WinWin Spiral Model The original spiral model [Boehm 88] began each cycle of  the spiral by performing the next level of elaboration of  the prospective systems objectives, constraints and  alternatives. A primary difficulty in applying the spiral  model has been the lack of explicit process guidance in  determining these objectives, constraints, and alternatives. The Win-Win Spiral Model [Boehm 94] uses the theory  W (win-win) approach [Boehm 89b] to converge on a  systems next-level objectives, constraints, and  alternatives. This Theory W approach involves identifying  the systems stakeholders and their win conditions, and  using negotiation processes to determine a mutually  satisfactory set of objectives, constraints, and alternatives for the stakeholders. In particular, as illustrated in the  figure, the nine-step Theory W process translates into the  following spiral model extensions: 1. Determine Objectives: Identify the system life-cycle  stakeholders and their win conditions and establish initial  system boundaries and external interfaces. 2. Determine Constraints: Determine the conditions Fig. 8 The XP Release Cycle ï‚ · Extreme Programming Practices Incremental planning: Requirements are recorded on Story Cards and the Stories to be included in a release are determined by the time available and their relative priority. The developers break these stories into development Tasks. Small Releases: The minimal useful set of functionality that provides business value is developed first. Releases of the system are frequent and incrementally add functionality to the first release. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Simple Design: Enough design is carried out to meet the  current requirements and no more. Test first development: An automated unit test  framework is used to write tests for a new piece of  functionality before functionality itself is implemented.  Refactoring: All developers are expected to re-factor the  code continuously as soon as possible code improvements  are found. This keeps the code simple and maintainable.  Pair Programming: Developers work in pairs, checking  each other’s work and providing support to do a good job.  Collective Ownership: The pairs of developers work on  all areas of the system, so that no islands of expertise  develop and all the developers own all the code. Anyone  can change anything. Continuous Integration: As soon as work on a task is  complete, it is integrated into the whole system. After any  such integration, all the unit tests in the system must pass. Sustainable pace: Large amounts of over-time are not  considered acceptable as the net effect is often to reduce  code quality and medium term productivity.  On-site Customer: A representative of the end-user of the  system (the Customer) should be available full time for the  use of the XP team. In an extreme programming process,  the customer is a member of the development team and is  responsible for bringing system requirements to the team  for implementation. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. XP and agile principles Incremental development is supported through small,  frequent system releases. Customer involvement means full-time customer  engagement with the team. People not process through pair programming,  collective ownership and a process that avoids long working hours. Change supported through regular system releases.  Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring of  code [1]. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Advantages Lightweight methods suit small-medium size projects. Produces good team cohesion. Emphasises final product. Iterative. Test based approach to requirements and quality assurance. ï‚ · 1. Disadvantages Difficult to scale up to large projects where documentation is essential. Needs experience and skill if not to degenerate into code-and-fix. Programming pairs is costly. 2. 3. 4. 100 Test case construction is a difficult and specialized skill [6]. 4. Conclusion and Future Work After completing this research , it is concluded that : 1. There are many existing models for developing systems for different sizes of projects and requirements. 2. These models were established between 1970 and 1999. 3. Waterfall model and spiral model are used commonly in developing systems. 4. Each model has advantages and disadvantages for the development of systems , so each model tries to eliminate the disadvantages of the previous model Finally, some topics can be suggested for future works: 1. 2. 3. Suggesting a model to simulate advantages that are found in different models to software process management. Making a comparison between the suggested model and the previous software processes management models. Applying the suggested model to many projects to ensure of its suitability and documentation to explain its mechanical work. REFERENCES [1] Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, Addison Wesley, 7th edition, 2004. [2] CTG. MFA – 003, A Survey of System Development Process Models, Models for Action Project: Developing Practical Approaches to Electronic Records Management and Preservation, Center for Technology in Government University at Albany / Suny,1998 . [3] Steve Easterbrook, Software Lifecycles, University of Toronto Department of Computer Science, 2001. [4] National Instruments Corporation, Lifecycle Models, 2006 , http://zone.ni.com. [5] JJ Kuhl, Project Lifecycle Models: How They Differ and When to Use Them,2002 www.businessesolutions.com. [6] Karlm, Software Lifecycle Models, KTH,2006 . [7] Rlewallen, Software Development Life Cycle Models, 2005 ,http://codebeter.com. [8] Barry Boehm, Spiral Development: Experience, Principles, and Refinements, edited by Wilfred J. Hansen, 2000 . Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar was born in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 1978. He studied Computer Science at University of Science and Technology, Yemen from 1997 to 2001. In 2001 he IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org received the Bachelor degree. He studied Master of Information Technology at Arab Academic, Yemen, from 2004 to 2007. Now rd he Ph.D. Student 3 year of CSE at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Hyderabad, A. P., India. He is working as Associate Professor in Computer Science Engineering College in University Of Science and Technology, Yemen. His area of interest include Software Engineering, System Analysis and Design, Databases and Object Oriented Technologies. Dr.A.Govardhan: received Ph.D. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in 2003, M.Tech. from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1994 and B.E. from Osmania University in 1992. He is Working as a Principal of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Jagitial. He has published around 108 papers in various national and international Journals/conferences. His research of interest includes Databases, Data Warehousing Mining, Information Retrieval, Computer Networks, Image Processing, Software Engineering, Search Engines and Object Oriented Technologies. 101

Henry Fleming and The red Badge of Courage :: Red Badge Courage Essays

Henry Fleming and The red Badge of Courage The main character of this book is Henry Fleming, mostly referred to as The Youth or Youth. The Youth has dark, curly brown hair also; he is a young teenager and is average height when compared to the Tall Soldier. Henry is insecure because he is going through a difficult stage between being a "man" and being a "boy". Henry can't wait to get to war when he signs up but during the book Henry learns that war has a lot of affects on people emotionally and physically. Henry's flaw is that he is afraid of making himself look bad and he is worried that he is going to be a coward and run away from battle. Henry really wants to be a "man" and be courageous. I once heard a swim coach give an extremely good definition of courage. He said "To me courage is not to be unafraid but it is to be afraid but one does it anyways and doesn't worry about being afraid. I think Henry thought of courageous as fearless and that is also part of his flaw. The first time Henry's flaw gets him in trouble is in chapter 10 and when he gets his chance to go into battle he flees. He at first thinks the war is boring but he soon learns that war is very frightening. When Henry flees he also shows insecurity when he tries to make up an excuse for why he wasn't with the rest of the regiment. Henry thinks very poorly of himself at this point and really anyone would run from a war, I don't think he was ready. The second time Henry's flaw is evident is in chapter 12 when Henry tries to stop a man to ask what is going on with the battle since he ran away. The man was also trying to get away and hit Henry on the head with his rifle. This is evidence of his flaw because if he hadn't run away then he wouldn't have to bother this man. Henry is also too afraid to go back without any knowledge of what happened. The first time Henry's flaw improves is when he is mad at himself for running away from the battle and he begins to relate to nature.

Gender Discrimination in the Workforce

Although there have been decades of hard won civil rights gains for women, we do not yet live in a gender blind society. Sexism perpetuates a cycle of unfulfilled aspirations among women. Public policies are being scrutinized under ever stricter legal microscopes, and an atmosphere of unease about the future pervades our national consciousness – â€Å"a future beset with economic challenges from abroad, technological innovation at home, a demographic revolution in our workforce, and a re-stratification of society. † Restrictions on women’s access to and participation in the workforce include the wage gap and the glass ceiling.We will discuss the following laws that have helped women make important strides in the workforce, cracking (but not breaking) the glass ceiling so they could climb up the corporate ladder: the 1963 Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Executive Orders 11246/11375, the 1968 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act. In addition, we will provide reasons for the continuing network discrimination against females, a recent case study of pervasive gender discrimination resulting in a 152. 5 million dollar ettlement by one well known employer who was sued, and steps women can take to continue making strides toward an equal opportunity workforce. Legislation requiring equal pay for women was first introduced in 1945 in acknowledgement of women’s war work. Business owners and labor organizations succeeded in thwarting the effort, in part because of the perceived need for women to leave the labor force to create vacancies for returning servicemen. By the end of the 1950’s, policymakers were becoming concerned about insufficient use of â€Å"womanpower†.In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act as an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to require employers to pay equal wages to men and women doing â€Å"equal work on jobs†¦which [re quire] equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions†. The Equal Pay Act was the first federal effort to bar discrimination by private employers on the basis of gender. The Equal Pay Act has limitations in its enforcement of protecting women – for full-time, year- round workers, the 2009 American Community Survey median earnings for women were 78. 2 ercent of men’s earnings – $35,549 compared with $45,485. Furthermore, women’s earnings were lower than men’s in all of the 50 states. One year after passing the Equal Pay Act, Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made it unlawful to discriminate based on a person’s race, religion, color, or sex. Title VII attacks sex discrimination more broadly than the Equal Pay Act extending not only to wages but to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.Thus with the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, an employer cannot deny women equal pay for equal work, deny women transfers, romotions, or wage increases, manipulate job evaluations to regulate women’s pay, or intentionally segregate men and women into jobs according to their gender. In 1971 Reed v. Reed became the first case that the Supreme Court would uphold Title VII to, thus protecting women from sex discrimination. One year following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 as a directive as to how the act should be interpreted and followed. Executive Order 11246 prohibited public and government sector employers from iscriminating based on race, color, religion, or national origin, but not sex. Executive Order 11246 was amended by Executive Order 11375 on October 13, 1967 after sexual harassment became an issue. Sex would now be included as a category that could not be discriminated against by an employer. Executive Order 11375 meant to ensure that women would not be exploited sexuall y to advance their careers. Women were to now be protected in the workplace from supervisors and coworkers who did not take into consideration the concept of personal space or offensive language and conduct.Legal regulations now banned these behaviors and legal action could be taken if they did occur. Executive Order 11375 meant women should no longer have to worry about being discriminated against in the workplace in terms of being hired or released. Executive Order 11375 meant that Affirmative Action (of Executive Order 11246) now applied to women as well. Affirmative Action is an organization’s active effort to find opportunities to hire or promote people in a particular group (in this instance, women). Affirmative Action plans must consist of an equal opportunity policy statement, an analysis of he current work force, identification of underrepresented areas, the establishment of reasonable, flexible goals and timetables for increasing employment opportunities, specific a ction-oriented programs to address problem areas, support for community action programs, and the establishment of an internal audit and reporting system. Contractors receiving more than $10,000 from the federal government must take affirmative action, and those exceeding $50,000 must develop a written affirmative action plan for each of their establishments. The plan must be in place within 120 days of the beginning of the contract.Employers whose contracts meet minimum size requirements must engage in affirmative action to ensure against discrimination. Employers must consider all qualified individuals for employment, must choose without regard to gender (now a protected category), and must engage in outreach to encourage the broadest possible group of qualified individuals to enter the supply or applicant pool. In 1967 Congress passed the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The ADEA branches from the debate on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimina tion on the asis of race, color, national origin, or sex, but not age. President Lyndon Johnson strongly believed that age was a growing issue among Americans. This law prohibits discrimination of men and women employees over the age of 40 and forbids companies to base employment decisions solely on an applicant’s age. The Equal Opportunity Commission enforces this act but there are still many complaints filed yearly from workers who are experiencing discrimination because of their age. For many years, elderly workers have felt that they are losing out to their younger coworkers.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act attempts to eliminate the gap between younger and older employees. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act applies to businesses with 15 or more employees working 20 or more weeks per year including employees in state and local government, federal government, employment agencies, and labor organizations. The ADEA helps protect unlawful discrimination of older individuals that can occur when applying or interviewing for jobs. The Age Discrimination Act protects employees by prohibiting employers to include age preferences or limitations in job applications and advertisements.Under the ADEA it is not expressly forbidden to ask an applicant’s age, but it is closely examined to make sure the query was made for a legitimate purpose. Despite the Age Discrimination Act, The Supreme Court recently changed what qualifies as successfully proven age discrimination. Companies come up with multiple reasons why an employee is terminated without mentioning age, when in actuality the employee’s age is the only factor. Seniors are a growing population and many are planning to work past their retirement age. Discrimination against age is not only affecting individual employees but ociety as a whole. An employee now has to prove that their age was the sole reason for their employer’s actions, therefore older workers can barely fight or prosecute age discrimination. In 2007, 60-year-old Oklahoma City Teacher Judy Jones filed an age discrimination suit against the superintendant who eliminated her teaching position and reassigned her to an office job as a principal. Judy’s salary decreased and benefits were affected during her second year as principal, while school directors and the superintendant himself frequently commented on Judy’s age and retirement plans.The district court rejected her claim because she â€Å"could not show sufficient evidence† that her age was the sole reason for her relocated position and reduced pay. There have been successful outcomes to Age Discrimination lawsuits as the U. S. Equal Opportunity Commission recently charged two companies with age discrimination. A 70-year- old pharmacist at the Honolulu Kmart was awarded $120,000 after higher management habitually commented on, and wrote about, her elderly age, causing her humiliation and compelling her to retire. In a nother case, a 75-year-old qualified receptionist was fired based on ge after her second day at work at Red Rock Western Jeep Tours Inc. She filed a lawsuit and it was settled in a $35,000 payout. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 defines discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth or any other form of illegal sex discrimination. This act is meant to ensure that no woman will be subject to non-hire by an employer due to pregnancy. She is to be treated the same as any other individual and is to be guaranteed benefits and accommodations based on the same policies and procedures as any other employee with a disability.Pregnancy discrimination occurs when expectant mothers are fired, not hired, or otherwise discriminated against due to their pregnancy or intention to become pregnant. Common forms of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or likelihood of becoming pregnant, being fired after informing an employer of one’s pregn ancy, being fired during maternity leave, and receiving a pay dock due to one’s pregnancy. In 1978, the U. S. Congress passed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, an amendment to the sex discrimination section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Pregnancy DiscriminationAct states that discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII. This clause covers employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. Title VII also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. Women who are pregnant or affected by pregnancy-related conditions must be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees with similar abilities or limitations. An employer may not single out pregnancy related conditions to determine an mployee’s ability to work. However, if an employer requires its employees to submit a doctor’s statement concerning their inability to work before granting leave or paying sick benefits, the employer may require employees affected by pregnancy-related conditions to submit such statements. If an employee is temporarily unable to perform her job because of her pregnancy, the employer must treat her the same way as any other temporarily disabled employee. Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs.If an employee has been absent from work as a result of a pregnancy-related condition nd recovers, her employer may not require her to remain on leave until the baby’s birth. An employer also may not have a rule that prohibits an employee from returning to work for a predetermined length of time after childbirth. Employers must hold open a position for a woman who has been absent due to pregnancy-related issues for the same length of time jobs are held open for employees on sick or disability leave. Any health insurance provided by an employer must cover expenses for pregnancy- related conditions on the same basis as costs for other medical conditions. An employer need ot provide health insurance for expenses arising from abortion, except when the life of the mother is endangered. Pregnancy-related expenses should be reimbursed exactly as those incurred for other medical conditions, whether payment is on a fixed basis or a percentage of a specific amount. The amounts payable by the insurance provider can be limited only to the same extent of amounts payable for other conditions. No additional, increased, or larger deductible can be imposed. Employers must provide the same level of health benefits for spouses of female employees as they do for spouses of male employees.Pregnancy-related benefits cannot be limited to married employees. Benefits must be provided for pregnancy-related conditions to unmarried women if benefits are provided to employees for other medical conditions. If an employer provides any be nefits to workers on leave, the employer must provide the same benefits for those on leave for pregnancy-related conditions. Employees on leave because of pregnancy-related conditions must be treated the same as other temporarily disabled employees for accumulation and crediting of seniority, vacation calculation, pay increases, and temporary disability benefits.A case that was important to the creation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was Muller v. Oregon (1908). The Supreme Court upheld a decision limiting women to 10 hour workdays based on the idea that â€Å"performance of maternal functions† made women inherently incapable of the same work that men did. In the 1950s and 1960s, laws in several states prohibited women from working and others banned their hiring for some length of time before and after birth. Reasons for the continuing network discrimination against women include myths about female workers, conscious and unconscious stereotyping and biasing applied by ma ny white en who are desperate to keep their competitive edge over women, and inadequate reporting and dissemination of information pertaining to glass-ceiling issues. The following myths about female employees, despite being disproved, still exist: women executives refuse to work long hours or relocate, and many women executives take leave of absences (and that those who go on federally and state protected maternity leave have suddenly lost professional credibility upon becoming pregnant or taking temporary leave). Statistics show women executives work 56 hours per week on average – the same as their ale counterparts. Only 14 percent refused to relocate as compared to 20 percent of the men.Only one-third of female executives surveyed had ever taken a leave of absence and 82 percent of these were for maternity leave or other family reasons protected under FMLA. Finally, there can be a twisted perception that women executives lose their professional credibility upon becoming pr egnant or taking maternity leave – an â€Å"out of sight, out of mind† mantra held by their bosses. Furthermore, a pregnant woman obviously has priorities outside of work and a selfish mployer may have the unreasonable expectation of work being a sole priority. Research suggests that an underlying cause of the glass ceiling is the perception of many white males â€Å"that they as a group are losing – losing competitive advantage, losing control, and losing opportunity as a direct consequence of inclusion of women. † There is also a â€Å"difference† barrier â€Å"manifested through conscious and unconscious stereotyping and bias. † People who do hiring feel most comfortable hiring people who look like them. Recruiters for high-status jobs are predominately white males who then hire other white males from the same socio- conomic status, which helps perpetuate their over-representation in the best jobs. Governmental barriers include the collec tion and disaggregation of employment related data which make it difficult to ascertain the status of various groups at the managerial level. There also continues to be inadequate reporting and dissemination of information pertaining to glass ceiling issues. Most importantly, there needs to be consistent monitoring and enforcement of laws and policies already on the books. The following case demonstrates how costly illegal gender discrimination can be to employers:In May 2010, a jury in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York awarded a record $250 million in punitive damages to 5,600 female sales employees in a sexual discrimination case after Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (â€Å"Novartis†) took the lawsuit filed against them to court – and lost. In July 2010, the parties reached a $152 million settlement agreement of the plaintiffs’ claims of gender discrimination in the terms and conditions of their employment, including compensat ion, promotion/promotional opportunities, reviews, and pregnancy leave. The terms of this greement allow for full compensation of former and current female employees dating from 2002-2010, ensuring that every woman who worked at Novartis over the past 8 years was compensated fairly.As part of the settlement, Novartis must also spend an additional $22. 5 million over the next three years on anti-discrimination policies, programs, and training, as well as on strengthening its employee complaint process. Novartis was ordered to increase its Human Resource and Employment Relations staff within nine months of the effective state of the settlement agreement – ensuring that there would be ne Employment Relations Investigator for every 1,000 Novartis employees. A Compliance Master would be appointed as an external specialist for the New York Federal Court to monitor Novartis’s compliance with the settlement agreement’s terms and conditions. Steps that women can take to continue making strides toward an equal opportunity workforce are to show themselves as decision makers, risk-takers, and players. Furthermore, a female manager should do her best to remove gender biases from her own business practices by not comparing her employees to men at the top.In Conclusion, women are just a few steps closer to being looked at as equal to men due to these legal acts. Women now have fewer restrictions and more rights within the workforce. The 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Title VII brought women higher pay and more equal opportunity. Women are now seeing the benefits of Executive Order 11375 which included protection from any sexual harassment. In 1967 the Age Discrimination in Employment Act was put into place to include age from discrimination, and women benefited from the insistence that age should not prevent a capable and qualified person from working.In 1978 the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was implemented so that pregnancy did not determine a womanâ€℠¢s ability to work; it also ensured that she received the same benefits as anyone else with a disability. Furthermore, even today women are fighting to have fair rights within the workplace. Even with the legal clauses, women are faced with stereotypes and glass-ceiling barriers. In order for women to overcome the problems they are tackling, to truly be protected and to have the rights that they deserve, there must be constant reinforcement of the laws that are currently in place.

Business Questions - 1058 Words

PRACTICE QUESTIONS SESSION 3 1. Which of the following statements is true? A. Service firms have little need for determining the cost of their services. B. The concept of product costing is relevant only for manufacturing firms. C. The cost of year-end inventory appears on the balance sheet as an expense. D. Service companies use cost information for planning and control purposes. E. Mining and petroleum companies have no inventoriable costs. 2. Which of the following manufacturers would most likely use job-order costing? A. Chemical manufacturers. B. Microchip processors. C. Custom-furniture manufacturers. D. Gasoline refiners. E. Fertilizer manufacturers. 3. A custom-home builder would likely utilize: A. job-order costing. B.†¦show more content†¦On the basis of this information, the 20x1 predetermined overhead rate was: A. $0.04 per machine hour. B. $0.05 per machine hour. C. $20 per machine hour. D. $21 per machine hour. E. $25 per machine hour. 13. Dixie Company, which applies overhead at the rate of 190% of direct material cost, began work on job no. 101 during June. The job was completed in July and sold during August, having accumulated direct material and labor charges of $27,000 and $15,000, respectively. On the basis of this information, the total overhead applied to job no. 101 amounted to: A. $0. B. $28,500. C. $51,300. D. $70,500. E. $79,800. 14. Huxtable charges manufacturing overhead to products by using a predetermined application rate, computed on the basis of machine hours. The following data pertain to the current year: Budgeted manufacturing overhead: $480,000 Actual manufacturing overhead: $440,000 Budgeted machine hours: 20,000 Actual machine hours: 16,000 Overhead applied to production totaled: A. $352,000. B. $384,000. C. $550,000. D. $600,000. E. some other amount. 15. Simone uses a predetermined overhead application rate of $8 per direct labor hour. A review of the companys accounting records for the year just ended discovered the following: Underapplied manufacturing overhead: $7,200 Actual manufacturing overhead: $392,000 Budgeted labor hours: 50,000 Simones actual labor hours worked totaled: A. 48,100. B. 49,100. C. 49,900. D. 50,900.Show MoreRelatedBusiness: Interview and Questions1073 Words   |  4 Pagespertinent questions that are necessary to fill in the needs of an organization. Fact of the matter is, structuring an effective and efficient interview process is not really basic, for it entails ethical, legal and moral considerations with each question asked. Since we would cover up ten questions in this elective, the two criteria’s that I am going to include as a ranking score would be a confidence rating scale in which to scale the level of confidence the way each candidate answers the question andRead MorePast Exams Questions for Business Strategy2162 Words   |  9 Pageschoice questions. 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